It is under our feet, it blows through the air, we aspire to keep it out of our homes and we hate it when it gets all over our clothes, but without it, life on Earth would not exist. For something as seemingly common as dirt, soil is actually quite complex. Let’s explore the basics of soil science, specifically what a gardener needs to know.
Soil has five components: mineral, air, water, organic matter and biologicals. Mineral matter comprises about half of any given soil and these are classified by size: Sand, silt and clay. The proportions of these along with the amount of organic matter determines the texture of the soil.
The starting point for all great garden soils is generally a sandy loam topsoil, which has a crumbly texture that drains well and stays moist long enough for roots to take up water.
Soils that consist of too much sand drain very quickly and generally lack enough organic matter (or humus) for moisture retention or nutrient value.
The opposite of sandy soil is clay, which has particles so fine that air and water don’t have much space to move through it. It drains slowly and is slimy when wet and hard when dry.
The good news is that soil can always be improved. Although organic matter makes up only five percent of most native soils, it is essential for garden soils to contain a much higher percentage for plants and veggies to thrive. For example, sandy soil will retain water longer and improve over time with additions of compost. Furthermore, adding organic matter to clay soil creates spaces where air and water can move through, improving drainage.
Along with improving the texture of both sandy and clay soils, organic matter is important for the health of biologicals within the soil which include microorganisms such as mycorrhiza and beneficial bacteria and soil dwelling creatures like earthworms. With all these benefits working together, water and nutrients are more readily available for your plants.
Whether you are thinking about starting a garden or wondering why your plants aren’t quite performing their best, remember it all starts with your soil. Your plants will only do as well as the soil they are planted in. There is always more to discuss when it comes to the science behind soils, so if you have questions or need help please stop by and talk to a soil specialist at New Leaf Nursery.
